The objective of the paper is to present the dependence of the wind profile of a monsoon on the depth of the layer, the ground surface roughness length, and the atmospheric stability. The paper also indicates that the wind profiles of the typhoon are composed of two layers, the upper one with the nearly constant velocity and the lower one in which the velocity decreases with the decrease in the height. The typhoon wind profiles are not stationary but changes abruptly.

The purpose of this research is to design and identify some of the natures and characteristics of high-resolution surface currents in the Northern Indian Ocean. The pattern of 3D circulation of the Wind-driven surface currents, Sea surface temperature (SST) and Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) distribution in the Northern Indian Ocean using The MIT general circulation model (MITgcm) with horizontal (2 arc-minutes) and vertical (20 Levels) resolutions during Monsoon was simulated and the model became stable after 17 years. This resolution is very accurate for the reproduction of ocean circulation and the eddy dynamics. Temperature, salinity, wind, net heat flux, evaporation minus precipitation as the initial data were introduced to the model. According to the results, an upwelling was characterized at 61° E-24° N near Chabahar in July, as well as a strong anticyclone take places at 56. 5° E-18° N which enters to the north Arabian sea after a clockwise rotation. The summer monsoon current flows eastward during the summer monsoon (May-August) and the winter monsoon current flows westward during the winter monsoon (November-February) and also, the jet of Ras Al Hadd at the Oman coast is identifiable in the model.

This research has been conducted to simulate the wind and wave pattern due to the winter Shamal Wind, which is a local systematic wind with the duration of 3 to 7 days, normally occurs in cold months of December to March. For simulating this phenomenon, the Coupled Ocean– Atmosphere– Wave– Sediment Transport (COAWST) model has been employed. In this model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was coupled with the Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model via the Model Coupling Toolkit (MCT). Simulated results of weather showed a cyclonic low pressure system in the middle of Iran’ s plateau, which is accompanied with a deep upper-level trough and polar front jet system. Simulated results showed an increase of about 1. 1 m in significant wave height right after beginning of Winter Shamal Wind. It was also shown that the direction of wave propagation due to this wind was deviated to North and Northwest. Calculating statistical parameters, it was found that wind and wave results derived from COAWST could better represent the actual situation in the area comparing with the simulated results of WRF (for wind), and of SWAN (for wave). It could be concluded that for simulating wind and wave, specifically for stormy condition, COAWST is a reliable model.

In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

At present, there isn't a clear and generally accepted definition for the term "Monsoon". Parameters used for studying monsoon are also quite different. S1fmmer monsoon affects east part of Afghanistan. In spite of climatic variety and wide mountainous area, network of meteorological stations of Afghanistan often lacks sufficient and long-term data. Monsoon circulation is originated by formation of thermal lows after June until September. The lows of L1 and L2 in Pakistan and Afghanistan are representatives of Intertropical Front (ITF). Within the low of L1 exists shallow maritime airmass, but there is warm continental airmass in L2. In most parts of Pakistan monsoon rainfall includes nearly 50% of total precipitation, whereas in Afghanistan monsoon rainfall is short and limited to eastern part of the country. Afghanistan monsoon rainfall falls into isolated storms with great time intervals. The monsoon circulation should be set before its first low reaches the country. The first stage of monsoon starts the second half of May until the beginning of June and its peak period is established when the first low reaches in early June and the last storms in August and September. It is expected that westward penetration of maritime airmass over Afghanistan in advancing periods of monsoon occurs in upper levels. Conditions of monsoon in Afghanistan are nearly similar to West Africa regions and furthermore it is complicated by Hindu Kush Range. Last limit of monsoon penetration reaches around north and northwest vallyes of Kabul, and Hindu Kush blocks its further penetration to west. One of the monsoon's features is periodic and non-periodic displacement of ITF. Its reason sets in consecutive displacing of continental airmass with maritime one and vice Versa. Another interesting feature of monsoon is its breaks. This phenomenon is established by temporal retreat or chang of monsoon airmass stratification due to penetration of midlatitude troughs to south and subtropical regions.

The aim of this study was to compare the accumulation of heavy metals copper, zinc and cadmium and to investigate the changes of metallothionein as a biomarker of contamination in the gill tissue of the ghost crab Ocypode saratan in the two time periods before Monsoon (May) and after Monsoon (November) in mongrove forests. Chabahar and Gwater Bay was done in 2019. The results of the study showed that in both pre-Monsoon and post-Monsoon seasons the pattern of metal accumulation in the gill tissue of the ghost crab is zinc> copper> cadmium. The mean concentrations of copper, zinc and cadmium were obtained in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons at Chabahar station, 173. 6 ± 3. 83, 186. 43 ± 3. 1, 0. 095 ± 0. 008, respectively and 156. 7± 4. 15، 175. 13 ± 2. 8, 0. 026 ± 0. 003 and in Gwater station the average concentrations of copper, zinc, cadmium in the two pre-Monsoon and post-Monsoon seasons were respectively 237. 03 ± 6. 4, 231. 8 ± 1. 8, 0. 048 ± 0. 003 and 205. 9 ± 6. 34, 253. 2 ± 2. 13, 0. 037 ± 0. 015 μ g/g dry weight. The mean levels of metallothionein in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season in Chabahar station were 2. 02 ± 0. 01 and 0. 1 ± 0. 06, respectively, and in goiter station were 2 ± 0. 02 and 0. 12 ± 0. 02, respectively. Comparison of metallothionein levels between Chabahar and Gwater stations was not significant (P<0. 05). But in both stations separately between the two pre-Monsoon and post-Monsoon seasons, there was a significant difference (P<0. 05). Correlation between metallothionein and metals showed that there was no correlation between metallothionein and the studied metals. Therefore, according to the observations, changes in the concentration of metallothionein in this species are not affected by heavy metals and can be due to changes in the environmental conditions of the seasons.